Recombinant Human P2RX7 protein

P2RX7 (P2X purinoceptor 7) is a ligand-gated ion channel belonging to the P2X receptor family, which responds to extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Encoded by the *P2RX7* gene, it is primarily expressed in immune cells (e.g., macrophages, microglia, T-cells) and plays a critical role in inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and cellular homeostasis. Unlike other P2X receptors, P2RX7 requires high ATP concentrations for activation and uniquely forms a large transmembrane pore upon prolonged stimulation, facilitating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and IL-18. This dual functionality—ion channel and pore formation—links it to pathologies such as chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.

Recombinant P2RX7 proteins are engineered in vitro to study its structure-function relationships, signaling mechanisms, and interactions with pharmacological modulators. These proteins are typically expressed in heterologous systems (e.g., HEK293 cells) to ensure high purity and activity. Structural studies using recombinant P2RX7 have revealed key domains involved in ATP binding, ion permeation, and pore dilation, aiding the development of selective antagonists (e.g., AZ10606120) for therapeutic targeting.

Research on recombinant P2RX7 has highlighted its dual role in health and disease. While it promotes pathogen clearance and immune surveillance, dysregulated P2RX7 activity contributes to neuroinflammation (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease), autoimmune disorders, and tumor progression. Its involvement in the NLRP3 inflammasome activation further underscores its therapeutic relevance. However, challenges remain in understanding tissue-specific regulation and reconciling discrepancies between in vitro recombinant models and in vivo physiology. Continued exploration of recombinant P2RX7 promises advancements in immunomodulatory therapies and precision medicine.