Recombinant Human DSPP protein

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is a critical extracellular matrix protein involved in the biomineralization of teeth, particularly during dentin formation. Expressed predominantly by odontoblasts, DSPP is initially synthesized as a large precursor protein that undergoes proteolytic cleavage into two functional fragments: dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). DSP is implicated in cell signaling and matrix organization, while DPP, rich in acidic domains, directly regulates hydroxyapatite crystal nucleation and growth during dentin mineralization. Mutations in the DSPP gene are linked to hereditary dentin defects, including dentinogenesis imperfecta type II and III, and dentin dysplasia type II, highlighting its essential role in dental development.

Recombinant DSPP proteins are engineered using expression systems like Escherichia coli or mammalian cells to study its structure-function relationships and pathological mechanisms. These systems enable the production of purified DSP, DPP, or full-length DSPP fragments for in vitro and in vivo experiments. Challenges in recombinant production include maintaining post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation) critical for DPP’s mineral-binding capacity, often necessitating eukaryotic expression systems.

Research on DSPP recombinant proteins has advanced regenerative dentistry and biomaterial design. For instance, DPP-derived peptides are explored as bioactive coatings for dental implants or scaffolds to enhance remineralization. Additionally, recombinant DSPP aids in elucidating interactions with collagen and other dentin matrix components, providing insights into ectopic mineralization disorders beyond dentistry, such as osteoarthritis.

Despite progress, gaps remain in understanding DSPP’s precise cleavage mechanisms, isoform-specific functions, and therapeutic potential. Recombinant protein studies continue to bridge these gaps, offering avenues for novel diagnostic tools and targeted therapies for genetic and acquired mineralization diseases.