| WB | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IF | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IHC | 1/25-1/100 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| ICC | 技术咨询 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| FCM | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Elisa | 1/1000-1/5000 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Aliases | GAD65 |
| Host/Isotype | Rabbit IgG |
| Antibody Type | Primary antibody |
| Storage | Store at 4°C short term. Aliquot and store at -20°C long term. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. |
| Species Reactivity | Human |
| Immunogen | Synthetic peptide of human GAD2 |
| Formulation | Purified antibody in PBS with 0.05% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. |
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以下是关于GAD2抗体的3篇参考文献，简要整理如下：
1. **文献名称**: *GAD65 Autoantibodies in Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Epitopes and Cross-Species Reactivity*
**作者**: Wenzlau JM, et al.
**摘要**: 该研究探讨了GAD65(由GAD2基因编码)自身抗体在1型糖尿病中的表位特异性和跨物种反应性，揭示其与疾病进展的关联，并强调其在自身免疫诊断中的生物标志物价值。
2. **文献名称**: *Stiff-Person Syndrome Associated with GAD65 Antibodies: Pathogenesis and Clinical Response to Immunotherapy*
**作者**: Dalakas MC, et al.
**摘要**: 研究发现GAD65抗体与僵人综合征(SPS)的神经功能障碍密切相关，通过临床案例分析，证明免疫治疗可改善症状，提示抗体水平与疾病严重程度相关。
3. **文献名称**: *GAD Antibody Negative Diabetes: A Heterogeneous Subgroup of Adult-Onset Diabetes*
**作者**: Turner R, et al.
**摘要**: 对比GAD抗体阳性与阴性的成人糖尿病患者，发现抗体阳性者胰岛功能衰退更快，支持GAD抗体作为分型及预后评估的重要指标，尤其对迟发性1型糖尿病有鉴别意义。
The glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD2) antibody targets the 65 kDa isoform of GAD, an enzyme critical for synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GAD exists as two isoforms, GAD65 (encoded by GAD2) and GAD67 (GAD1), with distinct cellular roles and tissue distributions. While GAD67 is constitutively active, GAD65 is transiently activated in response to metabolic demands. GAD65 is expressed in pancreatic β-cells and neurons, where it contributes to GABA production and insulin secretion regulation.
GAD2 autoantibodies are hallmark biomarkers in autoimmune disorders, notably type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), where they indicate immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Their presence often precedes clinical symptoms, aiding early diagnosis and risk stratification. Additionally, these antibodies are linked to rare neurological conditions like stiff-person syndrome (SPS) and cerebellar ataxia, reflecting cross-reactivity with neuronal GAD65. The exact pathogenic mechanism remains debated, though antibody-mediated interference with GABAergic signaling or enzyme function is hypothesized.
Detection methods (e.g., immunoassays, cell-based tests) are vital for diagnosing and monitoring these conditions. While GAD2 antibodies are predominantly associated with T1DM, their coexistence with other autoantibodies (e.g., IA-2. ZnT8) enhances diagnostic specificity. Research continues to explore their role in disease progression and potential therapeutic targets.
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