Recombinant Human IL-1 protein

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. The IL-1 family comprises two primary agonistic isoforms, IL-1α and IL-1β, with IL-1β being the most studied due to its critical involvement in innate immunity, fever, sepsis, and autoimmune diseases. Both isoforms bind to the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), triggering downstream signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, which amplify inflammatory cascades. Dysregulation of IL-1 signaling is implicated in chronic inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Recombinant IL-1 proteins, produced using recombinant DNA technology, are essential tools for studying IL-1 biology and developing therapeutic interventions. These proteins are typically expressed in bacterial systems (e.g., E. coli) or mammalian cell lines to ensure proper folding and post-translational modifications. Recombinant IL-1β, for instance, is widely used in preclinical research to model inflammation, test anti-inflammatory drugs, and explore mechanisms of cytokine storms. Conversely, recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), such as the FDA-approved drug Anakinra, acts as a competitive inhibitor of IL-1R, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of modulating IL-1 pathways.

Beyond therapeutics, recombinant IL-1 proteins serve as standards in immunoassays, enabling precise quantification of IL-1 levels in clinical samples. They also facilitate structural studies to design targeted inhibitors. Despite their utility, challenges remain in minimizing endotoxin contamination during production and optimizing bioactivity for specific applications. Overall, recombinant IL-1 proteins continue to bridge basic research and clinical innovation, offering insights into immune regulation and advancing treatments for inflammation-driven diseases.