| WB | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IF | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IHC | 1/25-1/100 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| ICC | 技术咨询 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| FCM | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Elisa | 1/5000-1/10000 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| WB Predicted band size | 52 kDa |
| Host/Isotype | Rabbit IgG |
| Antibody Type | Primary antibody |
| Storage | Store at 4°C short term. Aliquot and store at -20°C long term. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. |
| Species Reactivity | Human, Mouse, Rat |
| Immunogen | Fusion protein of human CS |
| Formulation | Purified antibody in PBS with 0.05% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. |
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以下是关于CS抗体(以疟疾环子孢子蛋白抗体为例)的3篇文献示例及其摘要概括：
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1. **标题**：*Protection against malaria by intravenous immunization with a non-replicating sporozoite vaccine*
**作者**：Seder, R.A. et al.
**摘要**：该研究通过静脉注射非复制型疟疾环子孢子(CS)疫苗，发现高剂量免疫可诱导高水平抗体和T细胞反应，在人体挑战试验中显示出对疟原虫感染的有效保护，证实了CS抗体在预防疟疾中的关键作用。
2. **标题**：*Structure of the malaria vaccine candidate antigen (RTS,S) revealed by electron microscopy*
**作者**：Oyen, D. et al.
**摘要**：利用冷冻电镜解析了RTS,S疫苗的抗原结构，表明其通过呈现CS蛋白的重复表位激发中和抗体，揭示了抗体与CS蛋白的精确结合机制，为优化疫苗设计提供了结构基础。
3. **标题**：*Antibody correlates of protection from clinical malaria in a phase 3 RTS,S/AS01 trial*
**作者**：White, M.T. et al.
**摘要**：通过分析RTS,S疫苗Ⅲ期试验数据，发现抗CS蛋白IgG抗体水平与疟疾保护效果呈正相关，但保护作用随抗体滴度下降而减弱，提示抗体持久性是疫苗有效性的重要因素。
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**备注**：若“CS抗体”指其他领域(如肿瘤学中的“Chondroitin Sulfate抗体”)，请进一步明确背景以便调整文献方向。
CS antibodies primarily refer to antibodies targeting the circumsporozoite (CS) protein, a key surface antigen expressed by Plasmodium parasites during the sporozoite stage of malaria. Discovered in the 1980s, the CS protein plays a critical role in the parasite's invasion of human hepatocytes, making it a major focus of malaria vaccine development. The protein contains a central repeat region (e.g., the NANP repeats in *P. falciparum*) and conserved domains involved in host cell binding. Antibodies against CS protein aim to neutralize sporozoites, preventing liver infection and subsequent blood-stage malaria.
The RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, the first approved malaria vaccine, incorporates a portion of the CS protein to elicit protective antibodies. CS antibodies are also used in research and diagnostics to detect malaria exposure through serological assays. However, challenges remain due to genetic variability in CS proteins across Plasmodium species/strains and the transient nature of sporozoite-neutralizing antibodies. Recent studies explore combining CS-targeting antibodies with other antigens or immune enhancers to improve efficacy. Beyond malaria, "CS antibodies" may occasionally refer to antibodies against chondroitin sulfate or other CS-abbreviated targets in autoimmune or cancer research, though the circumsporozoite context remains dominant.
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