Recombinant Human NSE protein

**Background of NKB Recombinant Protein**

Neurokinin B (NKB), encoded by the *TAC3* gene in humans, is a neuropeptide belonging to the tachykinin family, which also includes substance P and neurokinin A. It binds preferentially to the neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and plays critical roles in regulating reproductive physiology, energy homeostasis, and neuroendocrine signaling. NKB gained prominence due to its involvement in the hypothalamic control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, particularly through interactions with the Kisspeptin system. Mutations in *TAC3* or its receptor (*TACR3*) are linked to congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, underscoring its importance in puberty and fertility.

Recombinant NKB protein is produced using genetic engineering techniques, typically through expression in bacterial (e.g., *E. coli*) or mammalian cell systems. The recombinant form retains the biological activity of endogenous NKB, enabling researchers to study its structure-function relationships, receptor interactions, and downstream signaling pathways *in vitro* or *in vivo*. Its applications span basic research—such as elucidating reproductive neuroendocrinology—and drug discovery, where it serves as a tool for screening NK3R-targeted therapeutics.

Interest in NKB has expanded due to its potential role in metabolic disorders, mood regulation, and cancer. Recombinant NKB is also utilized in diagnostics and biomarker studies, particularly in reproductive health. Despite challenges in peptide stability and delivery, advancements in protein engineering and formulation continue to enhance its utility. Overall, NKB recombinant protein represents a vital resource for understanding tachykinin biology and developing interventions for related disorders.

**Background of NSE Recombinant Protein**

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), also known as enolase 2. is a glycolytic enzyme encoded by the *ENO2* gene. It belongs to the enolase family, which catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis. NSE is predominantly expressed in neurons, neuroendocrine cells, and certain tumors of neuroendocrine origin, making it a valuable biomarker for neurological disorders and cancers like small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC).

Recombinant NSE protein is produced via genetic engineering techniques, where the *ENO2* gene is cloned into expression vectors (e.g., bacterial, yeast, or mammalian systems) and expressed in host cells. This approach ensures high purity, consistency, and scalability compared to isolating NSE from natural sources. Advanced purification methods, such as affinity chromatography, further enhance its quality for research and diagnostic applications.

In clinical settings, NSE serves as a serum biomarker for neuronal damage (e.g., stroke, traumatic brain injury) and neuroendocrine tumors. Recombinant NSE is critical for developing immunoassays (e.g., ELISA) to quantify NSE levels in patient samples, aiding diagnosis and monitoring. Additionally, it supports basic research in neurobiology, cancer mechanisms, and drug discovery by enabling functional studies, antibody production, and structural analyses.

The use of recombinant NSE eliminates variability and ethical concerns associated with tissue-derived proteins. Its stability and specificity also make it suitable for standardized diagnostic kits and therapeutic target validation. As precision medicine advances, recombinant NSE remains a cornerstone in both clinical diagnostics and biomedical research.