| WB | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IF | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IHC | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| ICC | 技术咨询 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| FCM | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Elisa | 1/5000-1/10000 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| WB Predicted band size | 46 kDa |
| Host/Isotype | Rabbit IgG |
| Antibody Type | Primary antibody |
| Storage | Store at 4°C short term. Aliquot and store at -20°C long term. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. |
| Species Reactivity | Human |
| Immunogen | Synthetic peptide of human ACR |
| Formulation | Purified antibody in PBS with 0.05% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. |
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以下是关于ACR抗体(抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体，ACPA)的3篇经典文献及其摘要：
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1. **文献名称**: *The Diagnostic Properties of Rheumatoid Arthritis Antibodies Recognizing Citrullinated Proteins*
**作者**: Schellekens, G.A. et al.
**摘要**: 该研究验证了第二代抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体检测对类风湿性关节炎(RA)的诊断价值，发现其敏感性和特异性均优于类风湿因子(RF)，成为RA早期诊断的重要血清学标志物。
2. **文献名称**: *A New Model for an Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Smoking May Trigger HLA-DR–Restricted Immune Reactions to Autoantigens Modified by Citrullination*
**作者**: Klareskog, L. et al.
**摘要**: 探讨了环境因素(如吸烟)与HLA-DR基因的相互作用如何导致瓜氨酸化自身抗原的免疫反应，揭示了ACPA在RA发病机制中的关键作用。
3. **文献名称**: *Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies as Biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis*
**作者**: van Venrooij, W.J. & Pruijn, G.J.
**摘要**: 系统综述了ACPA在RA中的高特异性，讨论了其作为疾病活动度和预后评估的生物标志物的潜力，并比较了不同检测方法的临床适用性。
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Anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs), commonly referred to as ACR antibodies in clinical contexts, are a group of autoantibodies targeting citrullinated epitopes formed by post-translational modification of arginine residues. First identified in the 1960s as "anti-keratin antibodies" in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, their significance became clearer with the discovery of cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCPs) as primary targets in the 1990s. Citrullination, mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), occurs in inflammatory environments and alters protein structure, creating neoepitopes recognized as foreign by the immune system.
ACR antibodies are highly specific biomarkers for RA (specificity >95%), detectable years before clinical symptoms emerge. Their presence correlates with severe disease progression, joint erosion, and poor prognosis. The antibody response is strongly associated with HLA-DRB1*04 alleles, suggesting genetic predisposition to citrullinated antigen recognition. Modern diagnostic assays (e.g., anti-CCP2 ELISA) revolutionized RA classification, incorporated into 2010 ACR/EULAR diagnostic criteria. Beyond diagnostics, ACR antibodies may participate in RA pathogenesis through immune complex formation and osteoclast activation. Recent research explores epitope spreading patterns and links to environmental triggers like smoking and periodontal pathogens. Their role in predicting treatment response remains an active investigation area, underscoring their clinical and pathophysiological relevance in autoimmune disorders.
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